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Photo Basics Lesson #3: Master Your Camera’s Shooting Modes

In part 2 of this photography basics series, we learned about aperture, ISO, and shutter speed.  Now, you need to learn how to apply these settings on your camera to take advantage of your new-found knowledge.

The Great Flaw of Shooting “Icon Modes” on Your Camera

Whenever I teach shooting modes, I always get the same question from members of my class. “Why do I need to learn how to set my camera's settings manually when my camera already has built-in modes for sports, portraits, landscapes, etc?”  By the way, these are referred to by photographers as the icon modes because they have icons of the shooting situation on the mode dial.

This example will help to explain why these icon modes won't work for those who want to become a “real” photographer.

With your new photography skills and your new fancy camera, your family members nominate you the official photographer at your family reunion.  It comes time to take the giant group picture with over 60 people in it. What mode do you set the camera to? The little portrait icon, because it's a portrait, right?

There is a problem with that; a really big problem.  The portrait mode on your camera automatically makes the aperture really low, because it thinks you want shallow depth-of-field in your portrait.  But in this instance, it's such a large group of people that you need full depth-of-field so that the people in the back aren't out of focus. The camera doesn't know your intentions with this portrait, so half of the group looks blurry.

And thus we see why the little automatic icon modes (the landscape, portrait, sports modes, etc), simply will not work for photographers who want to learn to take professional-quality photos.

What are Creative Modes?

The Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode.  On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.”  These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode.”

If you use a Canon DSLR, then you'll see that your camera company likes to feel “special” by changing up those names.  Canon cameras will show “P, Av, Tv, M” for the same exact modes. “Av” is Canon's version of Aperture Priority, and “Tv” is Canon's version of Shutter Priority.

It may feel a little bit intimidating to move to these creative modes on your camera, but I'll walk you step-by-step through each of the creative modes, how to use them, and what they do.

Program Mode (P)

Just trust me on this one–you don't want to use it–ever.

But just in case you're curious, program mode usually (it is slightly different on each camera model) sets the aperture and the shutter speed for you, and allows the photographer to set the white balance, ISO, and flash.

This mode is not a great choice for serious photographers because you can't set the shutter speed to make sure the picture isn't blurry. Also, you can’t set the aperture to control the depth-of-field.

 Aperture Priority Mode

(“A” on most cameras, “Av” on Canon)

I'd love to see you use aperture priority for 95% of your shooting for the next several months.  It is the mode that most hobbyist photographers and even many pro photographers shoot in most of the time.

When you shoot aperture priority mode, you set the aperture (the f-stop) and also the ISO.  The camera will then set a shutter speed for you so that the picture is properly exposed.

Aperture priority mode is powerful because it is amazingly simple to use, and still allows the photographer a lot of creative choice.  In fact, most competent photographers use aperture priority mode every single day.

Suppose you're shooting friends and family at a party.  The background is really busy with people and things around the house, so you decide you want a blurry background in the photo (shallow depth-of-field).  To achieve this, you set the camera to f/3.5 which is a low aperture and which will blur out the background.

The first picture you take is of a person sitting on the couch next to a lamp.  The lamp is bright, so you want a fast shutter speed to get the correct exposure since your aperture is wide open.  Using aperture priority mode, the camera would automatically set that shutter speed for you. Then, you want to take a picture of someone in a darker corner of the room.  You wouldn't have to fiddle with camera settings at all, because the camera will automatically see that it is dark and choose a slower shutter speed. All the while, you're able to keep the aperture set to use creative depth-of-field.

If I could only teach you one thing in this photography basics series, it would be to set your camera in aperture priority for the next six months.  

When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture).  When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower f-stop. Your pictures will DRAMATICALLY improve when you learn to control the depth-of-field.

Shutter Priority Mode

(“S” on most cameras, or “Tv” on Canon cameras)

Shutter priority mode sounds very useful, but the truth is that I have never found a professional photographer who uses it.  It is a bit difficult to explain why that is.

At first blush, it sounds convenient to have a mode where you could choose the shutter speed and ISO and let the camera choose the aperture for you.  For example, when shooting a school basketball game, you might think you'd want shutter priority mode because you could set the shutter speed fast enough for the quick-moving sports situation.

However, you might be surprised to learn that nearly all professional sports photographers I've worked with shoot in aperture priority mode.  Why? Because the depth-of-field is key. We want to control depth-of-field in our sports pictures and we just keep an eye on the shutter speed to make sure the camera isn't picking one that is too low.  If it does, then we boost the ISO so that the camera will choose a faster shutter speed.

Manual Mode (“M”)

When I was 16 and drove a car for the first time, my teacher took me to a large parking lot.  He asked me to floor it as fast as I possibly could across the parking lot. This was my first time driving!  So, I went for it. I felt like I was FLYING! Then, he told me half way across the parking lot to look at the speedometer.  I was only going 10 miles per hour (16 kilometers)! The point is, the first time you try anything, it feels intimidating and like you're out of control.

The first time any of my students use a camera in manual mode, I can see them terrified to try it out.  However, shooting in manual mode really isn't as difficult as it may seem. 

To understand manual mode, the example below will be helpful.

Manual mode.  Aperture: f/18.  Shutter speed: 1/60.  ISO 100.  Nikon 10-24mm lens.  Nikon D7000 camera.

I took the picture above while at a photography conference in San Francisco.  In a situation like this, the bridge isn't going anywhere, the bay isn't going anywhere, the chain in front of me wasn't going anywhere. I had a captive audience to say the least.

 In situations like this, I always use manual mode.  I then set my shutter speed to 1/100. I set my ISO to 100 because I wanted no noise in the picture and I knew if I needed more light, I could just slow down the shutter speed.

After taking the picture with the settings above, I realized that the picture came out a bit too dark with 1/100 shutter speed.  So, I slowed it down to 1/60 and it looked just how I wanted.

The point is that, eventually, you'll find yourself wanting to shoot in manual mode for situations where you aren't rushed to get the shot.  If you're shooting sports, outdoor portraits, or other things, then aperture priority is simpler and faster than shooting in manual mode.

But since you're still learning, the best option for the next few months is to get comfortable shooting in aperture priority mode 100% of the time.

In the next lesson in this series, you're going to learn how you can dramatically improve your pictures by using creative compositions.  We're past most of the technical stuff for now.

Next, I'm going to teach you how to develop strong compositions in your photos.

281 thoughts on “Photo Basics Lesson #3: Master Your Camera’s Shooting Modes”

  1. Simply Superb. One can be a good player but not a good coach and vice versa. But you are equally a good photographer and a good teacher, which is rare to find. Your article has given a hope for me. I had lost my confidence as I am neither creative in nature but I like to take photographs. All these terminology had confused me a lot because I tried to read and understand this from many books, blogs and instructional videos. But yours is simply simple to a novice to understand. You are indeed a good facilitator in all aspects. Thanks a lot from the bottom of my heart.

    Binoy
    India

  2. Hi, I’m Sathish and I would like to know about photography,first of all I need a dslr in which I can practice what I learnt from this website and I’m new to dslr like fresher .. I didn’t used dslr before so all I need is correct suggestion for what dslr I should buy in the budget of 30k to 40 k ….. So …,hope u guys ll give me a correct suggestion thank you ?

  3. Hello, thank you for taking the time into all of this. I am learning a lot from this. I have two cousins who are really good photographers. I want to have a camera like them, but they said I would have to learn more about photography. This is really helping me! Thanks!

  4. Thank you so much for this article. I just did a shoot last weekend, boudoir and decided to use my SB600 which made me have to use A mode, it took a lot of pressure off of me. I am use to using ambient light ( sometimes for those who don’t know how to use off camera flash) and I tell you all the pictures was amazing. I wish I had this article three years ago. I have been shooting in manual mode for three years. I use a Nikon D750. I look forward to using this mode for the next six months or more. Thanks again,

    Suzy

  5. Hi Jim.
    Thanks for your helpful article. I am an amateur photographer and I recently bought a Canon 80D with zoom lens 18-135 mm. I’ve read the manual of it and I did not know which of the M mode or Av mode is better to start with. You really helped me by this article.
    Hope to take nice photos on Av mode and M mode.
    ?

  6. I find one situation where shutter priority is critically important. That’s when I hand my camera to a fellow traveler and ask him to take a picture of me. 1/60 of a second may be fine for me, but most novices can’t shoot without some camera movement. In such cases, I change the shutter priority to around 1/200 of a second. Then the picture usually comes out clear.

  7. Jump ahead to 2017 and here I am just now finding this. I bought a Nikon D70s in 2006 and spent a couple years shooting jpegs in AUTO mode. Then I discovered how to shoot MANUAL and raw images and have never done anything else during all this time. So today I am wondering why anyone would use the other modes at all.
    Your explanation makes sense. I will spend some time shooting Aperture priority mode and see what I think.
    Thank you for the information. Have an excellent summer.

  8. Really helpful tips but can I imply these settings on my Sony pocket camera amongst all highlighted the only features in common with what I have is P but the remain are different please help me figure out how I can imply the iso, aperture priority, and other setting

    Thank you

  9. Your comments on using P Mode are incorrect. Of course you can select a particular aperture or shutter speed whilst in P Mode, but only for one image at a time. If you want to take more than one, then you switch over to P Mode’s aperture or shutter speed’s accessary called priority. Remember, when in either aperture priority or shutter priority, you’re still in P Mode whether you like it or not. All other settings made whilst in P Mode still apply, and if you change any whilst in an accessary, will also still apply when changing back to say P Mode. This shows you’re always in P Mode. Now hear this and lump it. There is absolutely nothing, nothing, nothing, you can achieve in either accessary that you cannot achieve in P Mode. Get it clear…NOTHING! Hear this….The only benefit in using an accessary is to take more than one image, and nothing, nothing,nothing, else. Resulting effects are true and identical in any of the three settings. You anti P Mode people must come right and stop giving new-comers incorrect information. The beauty of using P Mode is you just fire away and if necessary, adjust in Photoshop afterwards. You still have to adjust if you used an accessary anyway, and you know that.

  10. I use TV mode for shooting photos of the moon. It seems to be good for situations where there is one figure brightly lit against a background of near blackness. I usually use 1/4000 setting. It gives non blurry pictures of the moon with great detail. I have also used it to shoot the solar eclipse, a concert and couples first dance at weddings. Thanks for the tips. I love exploring new modes with my camera.

  11. I have an old Canon DSLR that I put down some years ago, figuring I would never get the hang of the technical aspects of photography. I already understand more than I ever did after reading just a couple of of your articles. Thank you so much! My interest in photography has been re-ignited and I’m excited at the prospect of getting back into it. Thanks again

  12. At last an article that as someone fairly new to using a DSLR is informative and more importantly EASY to understand. Many thanks. I am using a Nikon D7200 with a Tamron 18-200mm lens, I also have an old Sigma 70 – 300m lens. My main interests are general street photography, travel/landscape – what would you recommend as my best lens to use or buy on a limited budget. Keep writing.

  13. Hi! Im a beginner photographer, honestly just want to take better pics of my kids. When in Apeture priority, should i use my flash that i bought separate? I find it makes the image too bright when indoors or at evening time. Or just dont use the flash all together? Then some of the images are too dark no matter how i adjust. Thank you!

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